Backend Performance

Caching

Practice	Description
Caching Patterns	Use cache-aside, write-through, or read-through based on needs.
Cache Invalidation	Apply proper strategies to maintain data consistency.
Multi-level Caching	Cache DB results, HTML fragments, full pages, etc.

Databases

Practice	Description
Connection Pooling	Reduce overhead by reusing DB connections.
Efficient Pagination	Handle large datasets efficiently.
Indexing	Create proper indexes for faster queries.
Avoid SELECT *	Fetch only required columns.
JOIN Optimization	Avoid unnecessary JOINs.
Query Optimization	Profile and improve slow queries.
ORM Tuning	Fine-tune ORM, use lazy/eager loading, batch processing.
Denormalization	Consider for read-heavy workloads.
Maintenance	Regular cleanup, vacuuming, and optimizing.

API & Response Optimization

Practice	Description
Compression	Enable response compression.
Async Logging	Reduce logging overhead with async techniques.
Streaming	Use for large requests/responses.
Keep-Alive	Use HTTP keep-alive to reduce overhead.
Prefetching	Preload resources/data to reduce latency.
Batch Requests	Combine similar requests to reduce round trips.

Asynchronous Processing

Practice	Description
Background Jobs	Offload heavy tasks.
Message Brokers	Use for async communication between services.
Minimize Processing	Avoid unnecessary server computation.

Load Balancing & Scaling

Practice	Description
Load Balancing	Distribute traffic across multiple servers.
Scaling	Use horizontal or vertical scaling as needed.

Code Optimization

Practice	Description
Profiling	Identify performance bottlenecks.
Algorithm Tuning	Optimize algorithms and data structures.
Critical Path Optimization	Improve performance of frequently accessed endpoints.
Language Choice	Use Go/Rust for performance-critical components.

Network Optimization

Practice	Description
Latency	Host backend close to users.
CDN	Use for static and frequent assets.
Retry Mechanism	Efficient retries and timeouts.

Security

Practice	Description
Dependencies	Keep them up-to-date.
Rate Limiting	Implement request throttling.
Payload Size Limits	Enforce reasonable limits.
Authentication	Properly authenticate and authorize requests.
Regular Audits	Update and review security settings regularly.

Monitoring and Logging

Practice	Description
Central Monitoring	Track metrics, errors using tools like Prometheus, Grafana, ELK.
Logging	Implement detailed logs.
Asynchronous Logs	Reduce impact on performance.
Security Logs	Avoid logging sensitive information.

Data Infrastructure

Practice	Description
DB Replication	For redundancy and read optimization.
DB Sharding	For horizontal data distribution.
Connection Pooling	Fine-tune pool settings (timeouts, reuse).

Architecture & Design

Practice	Description
Service Decomposition	Use SOA or microservices where appropriate.
Architectural Review	Continuously evaluate and refine design.

Performance Testing

Practice	Description
Benchmarking	Regular tests to detect regressions and measure gains.